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António de Noli
Antonio de Noli (born 1415 or possibly 1419;〔()〕) was a 15th-century Genoese nobleman and navigator,〔The "Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa" states: "''Antonio de Noli'' belonged to the Genoa nobility. The celebrity of the discoveries..." ("Antonio de Noli pertencia à nobreza de Genova. A fama dos descobrimentos ..."). "Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa e Brasilera. Ilustrada", Lisboa, Editorial Enciclopédia, 1935–1960. Page 836〕 and the first governor of the earliest European overseas colony in Subsaharan Africa.〔()〕 He discovered some of the Cape Verde islands on behalf of Henry the Navigator and he was made first Governor of Cape Verde by King Afonso V. In most history or geographic books, including ancient chronics, or encyclopedia, he is referred as ''Antonio de Noli'',〔Charles François Du Périer Dumouriez, "An account of Portugal, as it appeared in 1766 to Dumoriez. Printed at Lausanne 1775". Law, Debret & Balfour, London, 1797〕〔The "Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa" refer to him as ''Antonio de Noli''. Op. cit. Page 836〕〔"Uso di Mare and ''Antonio de Noli'' were to be found in the same employment the connection between...". In Gomes Eannes de Azurara, "The chronicle of the discovery and conquest of Guinea". The Hakluyt Society, London, 1896–1899. Page 300. (Earlier published in Portuguese by Pariz Aillaud 1841)〕〔Cape Verde Islands. Handbooks prepared under the direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office. No. 117. Published by H.M. Stationery Office. London, 1920 ()〕〔"A ''carta regia'' (royal letter) of September 19, 1462, attributed the discovery of the Cape Verde Islands to the Italian ''Antonio de Noli''". In Bailey W. Diffie & George D. Winius, "Foundations of the Portuguese Empire 1415–1580". University of Minnesota Press, 1977. Page 106〕〔C.E. Nowel "A History of Portugal". D Van Nostrand Co. New York 1952. Pages 40, 256 ()〕〔Charles Verlinden, "''Antonio de Noli'' e a colonizaçaão das ilhas de Cabo Verde". Lisboa, 1963〕 as well as in official information by the Government of Cape Verde〔()〕 or in Cape Verde history articles or references.〔"Ribeira Grande is where the history of Cape Verde began ... It was chosen by ''António de Noli'' as the centre of his portion of Santiago - where the first Cape Verdians ..." In Aisling Irwing, "Cape Verde History" ()〕〔(e.g )〕〔()〕 In Italy, he is known also as ''Antonio da Noli'' (see Note 21, below) or sometimes referred as ''Antoniotto Usodimare''.〔Some texts identify Antonio de Noli and Antoniotto Usodimare as being the same person. However, this assumption has not been established as biographic or historic fact. The Usodimare family is a separate Ligurian family with no known lineage association with the de Noli families.〕
==Biography==
Antonio de Noli was born to a patrician〔Biographie Générale by Firmin Didot Fréres states that Noli ''appartenait à une famille patricien'' ("belonged to a patrician family"). Biographie Générale. Firmin Didot Fréres, publishers. Anno M DCCC LVII, Vol. 38〕 family in Genoa, Italy, as referred in ancient sources of the epoch; e.g. Portuguese king's historian João de Barros stated already in 1552 that Antonio Noli was born in Genoa,〔João de Barros on Antonio di Noli: "di natione genovese, et di sangue nobile, che per alcuni dispiaceri che hebbe nella patria sua se ne venne in questo regno con due navi. . .". In Joao Barros, "L’Asia", Dec. I. lib. 2. cap. I. Republished by Vincenzo Valgrisio, Venice, 1562. João de Barros, Captain (head) of the Fortress of St George of Elmina (Elmina Castle), was also the most notable Portuguese historian of the epoch, and distinguished for his intellectual ethics and trustfully work. As official historian of the King, he had access to primeval data kept at the court on Antonio de Noli. He wrote the first part of his ''Décadas da Ásia'' ("Decades of Asia"), in 1552–1556 (republished in Venetia 1562)〕 and "of noble blood". Modern historians and researches also specify Antonio Noli as ''Genovese'' or ''Genoese'', e.g. Dumoriez (1762),〔Charles François Du Périer Dumouriez. Op. cit. Page 95〕 Thomas (1860),〔"(Cape Verde discoveries)...by Antonio Noli, a ''Genoese'' in the service of the Prince of Portugal. In W. Thomas, M.A.,"The West Coast of Africa, And Its Islands". Derby & Jackson, New York, 1860. Page 327〕 Hamilton (1975),〔"The Portuguese, with the aid of ''Genovese'' navigator Antonio Noli, discovered the remaining, likewise inhabited, islands of the Cape Verde Archipelago". In Russel G. Hamilton, "Voices from an Empire". University of Minnesota, 1975. Page 233〕 Diffie and Winius (1977),〔Bailey W. Diffie & George D. Winius "Foundations of the Portuguese Empire 1415–1580". Op. cit. Page 111〕 Irwin and Wilson (1999).〔"... (Discovered Cape Verde) ... More likely, it was the ''Genoese'' António de Noli". In Aisling Irwin & Colum Wilson, "Cape Verde Islands". The Globe Pequot Press, Guilford, Connecticut. Fourth Edition, 2009. Page 6〕 It has also been put forward that Antonio de Noli would have instead born in Noli (Savona) Italy (see Note 21, below).〔As the name Antonio ''da'' Noli bears the assumption he would have born in Noli, vice versa, it is assumed that he was born in Noli because his name would be Antonio ''da'' Noli (as ''da'' would denote procedence). Emanuele Diotto, in ''Antonio da Noli e la scoperta delle isole del Capo Verde'' () quotes City of Noli historian Bernardo Gandoglia as referring the existence of a birth document with the name Antonio ''da'' Noli. However there is no indicated reference or source for such document. Further, in his book ''In Repubblica'' (1916. 696 pages) Bernardo Gandoglia refers the issue of Antonio Noli being from Noli as ″so it is believed″ (''cosi si crede''). In a brief mention to Antonio Noli Gandoglia writes ″il nostro Antonio (cosi si crede) ò a Genova, ove piu tarde si trovò compromesso nelle fazione fra gli Adorno e i Fregoso″. Further, the original reports on Antonio ''da'' Noli, as indication of locus-origin, may as well have referred to the hamlet of Noli in Northern Genoa province (''La frazione di Noli al comune di Serra Ricco''), then a site of the de Noli family ()〕〔()〕 After he was exiled from Genoa amid political disputes compromising main families Fregoso and Adorno, Antonio de Noli (Navy captain, and cartography expert)〔Referred as "Peritissimo Piloto Genovese" in "Famiglie Di Genova. Antiche, e moderne, estinte, e viventi, nobili, e populari". Parte II, D.E.F.G.I.L.M.N.O./ MDCCLXXXIII. Page 293〕 sailed to Portugal ca 1447 in command of a small expedition of three vessels and with his brother Bartholomew (a Genoa lawyer) and nephew Raphael. In Portugal, de Noli became engaged in Ultramar explorations by Henry the Navigator. From 1462 to 1496, he founded and then was Captain of Ribeira Grande (modern-day Cidade Velha) at the southern end of Santiago Island.
The de Noli family is believed to have its ancient roots in "the small city and Castle of Noli".〔"L'origine si puó supponere dalla piccola cittá o Castello di Noli". In "Famiglie Di Genova. Op. cit. Pages 293-294〕 By the 14th century, there were two main branches of the Noli family in Northern Italy sharing a pre-medieval origin in the ancient territory of Noli (Savona province). One branch was established in Genoa, Liguria, and the other in Novara, Piedmont, where the Noli ("famiglia di signore") inhabited the Castle of Cameriano by the beginning of the 15th century.〔"Castello di Cameriano ... Agli inizi del quattrocento il castello - diventato un'importante fortezza - fu amministrato per diversi anni dal marchese Teodoro di Monferrato. In seguito divenne feudo dei "Botigella" e fu abitato da varie famiglie di signori, tra cui i Cattaneo di Cameriano e la famiglia Noli di Novara ()〕〔Descendants of the Noli in Novara (at the time Lombardy territory) became later established around Bergamo and Parma/Cremona. Nobildonna Alessandra Noli Datarino (Cremona)(), Can. Comte Alessandro Noli (Bergamo) (), Arpulino de Noli da Parma ()〕 It is also recorded that members of the Noli family established in Genoa participated in government already by the 13th century, i.e. as "Consigliere della Signoria" in 1261.〔"citase un Noli Anziano e consiglieri della Signoria nel 1261". Bollettino della Società geografica italiana, Volym 17. 1880. Page 139〕 In 1382, Giacomo de Noli, ancestor of Captain Antonio de Noli,〔Giacomo de Noli and Antonio de Noli are listed in the same Noli family in "Famiglie di Genova", op.cit. Page 293〕 was appointed one member of the Twelve-Elderly Council of Genoa ("XII-Anziani del Comune") under the lead of Duke Nicolas de Guarco.〔"1882. Giacomo de Noli fú un de XII-Anziani del Comune sotto il Duce Nicolas de Guarco". In "Famiglie di Genova", op.cit. Page 293〕 When Nicolas de Guarco took over the rule of Genoa after the Fregoso, in 1378, he had "appointed in positions of trust the noblemen which have been neglected in the previous administrations",〔"Nicolas de Guarco fut, en 1378, donné pour successeur a Frégose ... Pour augmenter les forces de sa patrie, il rappela aux places de confiance les nobles qu'on avoit écartés pendant les administrations précédentes". In Simonde Sismondi "Histoire des Républiques Italiennes du Moyen Âge. Paris, M.D.CCC.IX. Tome Septième (Elibro Classics ed, 2004). Page 232〕 and thus also appointed the Fieschi. The participation of the de Noli in the Guarco's ruling of Genoa in alliance with the Fieschi would have, years afterwards, dramatic consequences for Antonio de Noli and his brother Bartholomew. Those prior political associations of the de Noli in Genoa provide a helpful background in explaining both their forced departure to exile in Portugal in 1447, and also the circumstances around the later repatriation of their descendants some decades after, first in Cesena and finally anew in homeland Genoa.〔Ferrada-Noli M., Rosetti C., and Brigati I. (2010), "Returning to Italy. A research study on early descendants of Antonio de Noli in Cesena and Genoa 1497–1881". ''Research Bulletin of the Antonio de Noli Academic Society''. Genoa, Italy, 2010. Vol. 1, Nr 3, p. 79-204 ()〕〔()〕〔The Fieschi were - as well as in Genoa - also a prominent family in Cesena, and they also have had political difficulties in Genoa, the same as the de Noli. The Fieschi and the de Noli had friendly ties and even formed part (around 1340) of the same leading team of Genoa as allies of Duke Nicholas de Guarco. This would also explain, at least in part, reasons for Antonio de Noli and descendants for choosing Cesena as a protected setting for an eventual come back to Italy after exile in Portugal (particularly after - in real terms - losing the Cape Verde governorship), or while waiting for the final settlement in Genoa ()〕
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